Respiratory system anatomy and cross-sections

Infants communicate with the outside world through their cries, which often differ for various reasons. Moreover, the cries of healthy and specific pathological conditions (e.g., neurological damage) can be different. Changes in the physical and mental states can cause crying. Infant cries are characterised by a variety of features, including changes in pitch, tempo, and volume. Crying can serve as a biological indicator of an infant's health and emotions. To facilitate timely treatment, parents and caregivers can effectively understand the state of their infant by observing and identifying the characteristics of their cries. Analysis of the cries of infant with neurological disorders or severe diseases may facilitate early diagnosis of diseases and protect an infant from motor and intellectual impairments. In this article, we discuss the physiological process, causes, analysis, and application of infant cry. The purpose of this article was to fill the gap in the existing literature on the systematic integration of multi-dimensional (physiological, pathological, and psychological) analysis and deep learning applications of infant crying, and to highlight the potential of infant crying as biological indicator and in precision care.